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History

MD4: From Hero to Zero

Before MD5, there was MD4. Designed for speed above all else, MD4 became the foundation for an entire generation of hash functions—and a cautionary tale about prioritizing performance over security. Today, MD4 is so thoroughly broken that collisions can be computed by hand. This post traces MD4's

SHA-1: From Hero to Zero

For two decades, SHA-1 was the backbone of internet security—protecting SSL certificates, signing software, and verifying Git commits. Then in 2017, Google shattered it. Literally. This post traces SHA-1's journey from government-approved standard to cryptographic casualty, culminating in the SHAttered attack that proved its collision resistance was

MD5: From Hero to Zero

In 1991, MD5 was the gold standard of cryptographic hash functions. Today, it's a cautionary tale in cryptographic history. This post traces MD5's journey from trusted workhorse to deprecated relic, and the attacks that brought it down. What is MD5? MD5 (Message-Digest Algorithm 5) is a